Formative vs. Summative Grading Explained

Introduction

Understanding the difference between formative and summative assessments is key to effective grading. Each serves a distinct purpose in student learning and should be graded accordingly.

What is Formative Assessment?

Formative assessments are ongoing checks for understanding during the learning process. They help teachers adjust instruction and provide immediate feedback to students.

• Examples: exit tickets, quizzes, drafts, think-pair-share
• Low-stakes or ungraded
• Focus on feedback and growth
• Flexible and adaptive

What is Summative Assessment?

Summative assessments evaluate student learning at the end of a unit or term. They measure mastery of content and are typically used for grades.

• Examples: final exams, projects, presentations
• High-stakes and graded
• Used for reporting progress
• Fixed criteria for evaluation

Grading Approaches for Each

Grading strategies should reflect the purpose of the assessment. Here's how to approach grading for both types:

• Use formative data to inform instruction, not penalize.
• Keep formative grades minimal or use for participation/completion.
• Ensure summative assessments align with learning objectives.
• Use rubrics and consistent criteria for summative grading.

Balancing Both in the Classroom

A balanced approach to formative and summative assessments supports both teaching and learning. Strive to use each type to its advantage.

• Incorporate frequent formative checks to guide instruction.
• Plan summative assessments as capstones of learning.
• Communicate the purpose of each assessment to students.
• Encourage students to use formative feedback for summative success.

Conclusion

Formative and summative assessments play complementary roles in grading and learning. Using them effectively ensures students receive support throughout their academic journey.